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However, a subsequent or second set of processes may be incompatible with those outputs and draw on conscious control to inhibit the first outputs from influencing the ultimate response of the individual (e.g., stereotype control, which prevents the activated stereotype). These dual-process models are usually utilized to describe the processes of conflict control, in which a first set of processes inexorably gives rise to specific outputs (e.g., implicit/automatic stereotype activation).
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Control of stereotypes has also been considered as a part of a more general skillset associated with effective self-regulation, requiring implementation of top-down control over well-learned, automatically activated stereotypical belief and situational-inappropriate responses ( Bartholow and Dickter, 2008).Ĭompared to the general conflict controls, stereotype control is also largely seen as rooted in dual-process models (i.e., the automatic and control processes Devine, 1989 Blair and Banaji, 1996 Moskowitz and Li, 2011), particularly on the importance of conflict monitoring and response inhibition in social judgments and social behaviors. In the past few decades, a number of reports have conceptualized performance in stereotyping tasks in terms of conflict and control processes. Cognitive control is a complex but crucial capacity that consists of different components, among which conflict monitoring and response inhibition are two important examples ( MacDonald et al., 2000 Botvinick et al., 2001). Cognitive control is essential to avoid the unwanted influence of stereotype activation and to overcome conflicts caused by stereotype violation ( Devine, 1989 Amodio et al., 2008). In social perceptions, activation of group categories usually leads to heightened accessibility of stereotype ( Macrae and Bodenhausen, 2000). Based on these findings, the feature of frontal theta oscillation in the implicit gender stereotype control process was discussed. Additionally, this enhanced frontal theta effect was not modulated by the experimental manipulations and individual differences in gender factors. This frontal theta appeared at a late processing stage and persisted across a time window from N400 to late positive potential. In addition, based on time–frequency (TF) analysis, we found that the enhanced performance of stereotype-inconsistent trials was also accompanied by an event-related synchronization on the frontal theta oscillation. In contrast, early attentional components such as P2 and N2 as well as their amplitudes were impacted by the experimental manipulations and individual differences in gender factors. For the event-related potential (ERP) results, the enhanced performance of stereotype-inconsistent trials was accompanied by an enhanced N400 amplitude but an attenuated late positive potential amplitude.
![stereotype brain app stereotype brain app](https://static.zongtiku.com/answer/zonghelei/16656009_answer.jpg)
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As predicted, stereotype-inconsistent trials resulted in reduced response accuracies and slower response times than stereotype-consistent trials.
Stereotype brain app verification#
Participants in this task conducted verification to white gender names and colored gender traits, and their behavioral response and electroencephalogram (EEG) were recorded during their performances. Based on this knowledge, the present study investigated the neural oscillatory correlates of implicit gender stereotype control in an extrinsic affective Simon task (EAST) using electrophysiological methods. Brain imaging studies have shown that the inhibition of implicit stereotypes was dependent on this domain-general cognitive control mechanism. Previous research has indicated that frontal midline theta (FMθ) reflects a domain-general cognitive control mechanism of the prefrontal cortex.